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Thereafter, the positions of these unknown nodes are calculated via localization algorithms. Unknown nodes then use distance measurement technology to obtain the relative distance or angle relationship with the anchor nodes.

Anchor nodes broadcast messages including their location information to unknown nodes. Anchor nodes are nodes that know their locations, being equipped with GPS transceivers. A viable method is utilizing a few anchor nodes. However, each unknown node equipped with a GPS transceiver will result in a substantial increase in costs. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a tool that obtains location information. Compared to the Z-curve, OTPP can reduce localization error and improve localization coverage. Experimental results demonstrate that OTPP performs better than Z-curves because it reduces the total number of beacon points utilized and is thus more suitable in an obstacle-present environment. OTPP can approximate the optimum beacon point number and path planning, thereby ensuring that all the unknown nodes can receive the three location information from the MAN and reduce the number of MAN broadcast packet times. This study proposes the obstacle-tolerant path planning (OTPP) approach to solve the sensor location problem owing to obstacle blockage. However, in a realistic environment, sensor nodes cannot be located because the obstacles block the path traversed by the MAN, thereby rendering the sensor incapable of receiving sufficient three location information from the MAN. Numerous path planning schemes have been proposed for MANAL, but most scenarios assume the absence of obstacles in the environment.

A mobile anchor node (MAN) provides its own location information to assist the localization of sensor nodes. Numerous localization schemes have been proposed, among which mobile-anchor-node-assisted localization (MANAL) can reduce costs and overcome environmental constraints. The location information obtained using a sensor is a critical requirement in wireless sensor networks.

Two point hospital mitton university layout